POL Scientific / JBM / Volume 11 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2024.0019
Submit to JBM
Cite this article
33
Download
35
Citations
169
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
MINI-REVIEW

Side effects of prostate cancer therapies and potential management

Jinfeng Xiao1,2 ,  Meihui Zhang1* ,  Donghai Wu2*
Show Less
1 Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
JBM 2024 , 11(3), e99010018; https://doi.org/10.14440/jbm.2024.0019
Submitted: 20 June 2024 | Revised: 25 July 2024 | Accepted: 31 July 2024 | Published: 22 August 2024
© 2024 by the Journal of Biological Methods published by POL Scientific. Licensee POL Scientific, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Download PDF
Cite
XML
HTML
Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant health challenge, necessitating diverse therapeutic interventions to manage the disease effectively. While these treatments offer promising outcomes, they are often accompanied by a range of side effects that can impact patient quality of life and treatment compliance. This review provides an overview of the common side effects associated with various PCa therapies, including prostatectomy, radiation therapy, thermal therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy, among others. We summarized and discussed the reported side effects encompassing ureteral problems, sexual issues, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hematologic abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, and liver enzyme elevation. Specific managements, such as personalized treatment plans, proactive symptom monitoring, supportive care interventions, and hematological assessments, are crucial in mitigating these side effects and optimizing treatment outcomes. By prioritizing patient-centered care and tailored interventions, health-care providers can enhance treatment efficacy and improve the overall well-being of individuals undergoing PCa therapies.

Keywords
Prostate cancer
Cancer therapies
Side effects
Funding
This work was supported, in part, by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2022YFE021600), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1105403), Guangdong Province Grant for Belt and Road Joint Laboratory (2022A0505090006) and Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (2023B1212060050 and 2023B12120009).
References
  1. Ludwig JA, Weinstein JN. Biomarkers in cancer staging, prognosis and treatment selection. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(11):845-856. doi: 10.1038/nrc1739

 

  1. Konety BR, Sadetsky N, Carroll PR, CaPSURE Investigators. Recovery of urinary continence following radical prostatectomy: The impact of prostate volume--analysis of data from the CaPSURE Database. J Urol. 2007;177(4):1423-1425; discussion 1425-6. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.11.089

 

  1. Lee CH, Ha HK. Intravesical prostatic protrusion as a predictor of early urinary continence recovery after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Int J Urol. 2014;21(7):653-656. doi: 10.1111/iju.12419

 

  1. Walsh PC. The discovery of the cavernous nerves and development of nerve sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol. 2007;177(5):1632-1635. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.012

 

  1. Gianduzzo TR, Colombo JR, El-Gabry E, Haber GP, Gill IS. Anatomical and electrophysiological assessment of the canine periprostatic neurovascular anatomy: perspectives as a nerve sparing radical prostatectomy model. J Urol. 2008;179(5):2025-2029. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.12.041

 

  1. Geary ES, Dendinger TE, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Incontinence and vesical neck strictures following radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology. 1995;45(6):1000-1006. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)80121-6

 

  1. Horie S, Tobisu KI, Fujimoto H, Doi N, Kakizoe T. Urinary incontinence after non-nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy with neoadjuvant androgen deprivation. Urology. 1999;53(3):561-567. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00541-x

 

  1. Giannarini G, Manassero F, Mogorovich A, et al. Cold-knife incision of anastomotic strictures after radical retropubic prostatectomy with bladder neck preservation: efficacy and impact on urinary continence status. Eur Urol. 2008;54(3):647-656. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.013

 

  1. Joseph JV, Vicente I, Madeb R, Erturk E, Patel HR. Robot-assisted vs pure laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: Are there any differences? BJU Int. 2005;96(1):39-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05563.x

 

  1. Hu JC, Nelson RA, Wilson TG, et al. Perioperative complications of laparoscopic and robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2006;175(2):541-546; discussion 546. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00156-4

 

  1. Llarena NC, Shah AB, Milad MP. Bowel injury in gynecologic laparoscopy: A systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(6):1407-1417. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000855. Erratum in: Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(4):903.

 

  1. Chang J, Sherman KS, Andrade DP, Hoshi H, Howe JR, Chan CH. Role of diagnostic laparoscopy during pancreatic cancer surgery in the modern era. J Surg Res. 2024;298:269-276. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.03.035

 

  1. Harpster LE, Rommel FM, Sieber PR, et al. The incidence and management of rectal injury associated with radical prostatectomy in a community based urology practice. J Urol. 1995;154(4):1435-1438.

 

  1. Guillonneau B, Gupta R, El Fettouh H, Cathelineau X, Baumert H, Vallancien G. Laparoscopic [correction of laproscopic] management of rectal injury during laparoscopic [correction of laproscopic] radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2003;169(5):1694-1696. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000059860.00022.07

 

  1. Higashimoto I, Teshima J, Ozawa Y, Usuda M, Miyata G. Temporary loop ileostomy versus transverse colostomy for laparoscopic colorectal surgery: A retrospective study. Surg Today. 2022;53(5):621-627. doi: 10.1007/s00595-022-02632-2

 

  1. Katz R, Borkowski T, Hoznek A, Salomon L, de la Taille A, Abbou CC. Operative management of rectal injuries during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2003;62(2):310-313. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00326-1

 

  1. Guillonneau B, Cathelineau X, Doublet JD, Vallancien G. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: The lessons learned. J Endourol. 2001;15(4):441-445; discussion 447-448. doi: 10.1089/089277901300189510

 

  1. Martin H, Erica H, Huynh LM, et al. Retrospective concomitant nonrandomized comparison of “touch” cautery versus athermal dissection of the prostatic vascular pedicles and neurovascular bundles during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2021;81(1):104-109. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.07.005

 

  1. Kava BR, Dalbagni G, Conlon KC, Russo P. Results of laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients at high risk for nodal metastases from prostate cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 1998;5(2):173-180. doi: 10.1007/BF02303851

 

  1. Lang GS, Ruckle HC, Hadley HR, Lui PD, Stewart SC. One hundred consecutive laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissections: Comparing complications of the first 50 cases to the second 50 cases. Urology. 1994;44(2):221-225. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(94)80135-5

 

  1. Hara I, Kawabata G, Tanaka K, et al. Oncological outcome of laparoscopic prostatectomy. Int J Urol. 2007;14(6):515-520. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01773.x

 

  1. Rassweiler J, Schulze M, Teber D, et al. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with the Heilbronn technique: Oncological results in the first 500 patients. J Urol. 2005;173(3):761-764. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000153486.94741.e5

 

  1. Souli A, Alves A, Tillou X, Menahem B. Iatrogenic ureteral injury: What should the digestive surgeon know?. J Visc Surg. 2024,161(1):6-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2023.04.001

 

  1. Brown JA, Dahl DM. Transperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in patients after laparoscopic prosthetic mesh inguinal herniorrhaphy. Urology. 2004;63(2):380-382. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.09.073

 

  1. Patterson DE, Zincke H. Perioperative complications of pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy for Stages C and D1 prostate cancer. Urology. 1984;23(3):243-246.

 

  1. Lieskovsky G, Skinner DG, Weisenburger T. Pelvic lymphadenectomy in the management of carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol. 1980;124(5):635-638. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)55592-5

 

  1. Livne PM, Huben RP, Wolf RM, Pontes JE. Early complications of combined pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy versus lymphadenectomy alone. Prostate. 1986;8(4):313-318. doi: 10.1002/pros.2990080402

 

  1. Shelley M, Wilt TJ, Coles B, Mason MD. Cryotherapy for localised prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3:CD005010. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005010.pub2

 

  1. Kimura M, Mouraviev V, Tsivian M, Mayes JM, Satoh T, Polascik TJ. Current salvage methods for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of primary radiotherapy. BJU Int. 2010;105(2):191-201. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08715.x

 

  1. Ziglioli F, Baciarello M, Maspero G, et al. Oncologic outcome, side effects and comorbidity of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for localized prostate cancer. A review. Ann Med Surg. 2020;56:110-115. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.05.029

 

  1. Elshaikh MA, Ulchaker JC, Reddy CA, et al. Prophylactic tamsulosin (Flomax) in patients undergoing prostate 125I brachytherapy for prostate carcinoma: final report of a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62(1):164-169. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.09.036

 

  1. Prosnitz RG, Schneider L, Manola J, et al. Tamsulosin palliates radiation-induced urethritis in patients with prostate cancer: Results of a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45(3):563-566. doi: 10.1016/s0360-3016(99)00246-1

 

  1. Abel LJ, Blatt HJ, Stipetich RL, et al. The role of urinary assessment scores in the nursing management of patients receiving prostate brachytherapy. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2000;4(3):126-129.

 

  1. Zelefsky MJ, Wallner KE, Ling CC, et al. Comparison of the 5-year outcome and morbidity of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus transperineal permanent iodine-125 implantation for early-stage prostatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(2):517-522. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.517

 

  1. Li DX, Yu QX, Wu RC, Wang J, Feng DC, Deng S. Efficiency of transurethral en-bloc resection vs. conventional transurethral resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: An umbrella review. Cancer Med. 2024;13(11):e7323. doi: 10.1002/cam4.7323

 

  1. Sacco DE, Daller M, Grocela JA, Babayan RK, Zietman AL. Corticosteroid use after prostate brachytherapy reduces the risk of acute urinary retention. BJU Int. 2003;91(4):345-349. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04082.x

 

  1. Lesperance RN, Kjorstadt RJ, Halligan JB, Steele SR. Colorectal complications of external beam radiation versus brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Am J Surg. 2008;195(5):616-620; discussion 620. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.12.037

 

  1. Shnaikat SG, Shakya AK, Bardaweel SK. Formulation, development and evaluation of hyaluronic acid-conjugated liposomal nanoparticles loaded with regorafenib and curcumin and their in vitro evaluation on colorectal cancer cell lines. Saudi Pharm J. 2024;32(7):102099. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102099

 

  1. Shah JN, Ennis RD. Rectal toxicity profile after transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy: Use of a comprehensive toxicity scoring system and identification of rectal dosimetric toxicity predictors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(3):817-824. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.08.042

 

  1. Fiorino C, Valdagni R, Rancati T, Sanguineti G. Dose-volume effects for normal tissues in external radiotherapy: Pelvis. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93(2):153-167. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.004

 

  1. Crook J, Esche B, Futter N. Effect of pelvic radiotherapy for prostate cancer on bowel, bladder, and sexual function: The patient’s perspective. Urology. 1996;47(3):387-394. doi: 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80458-0

 

  1. Fokdal L, Høyer M, Meldgaard P, von der Maase H. Long-term bladder, colorectal, and sexual functions after radical radiotherapy for urinary bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2004;72(2):139-145. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2004.05.006

 

  1. Ferrer M, Suárez JF, Guedea F, et al. Health-related quality of life 2 years after treatment with radical prostatectomy, prostate brachytherapy, or external beam radiotherapy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(2):421-432. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.12.024

 

  1. Padovan-Neto FE, Cerveira AJ, da Silva A, Ribeiro DL. Beyond traditional pharmacology: Evaluating phosphodiesterase inhibitors in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2024;49:1359-1360. doi: 10.1038/s41386-024-01860-z

 

  1. Houdou L, Meynard C, Guillerm S, et al. Monocentric retrospective study: Efficacy, feasibility, and prognostic factors of single-insertion high-dose-rate brachytherapy with 4 sessions for locally advanced cervical cancer. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2024;9(7):101512. doi: 10.1016/j.adro.2024.101512

 

  1. Skoumal R, Chen J, Kula K, et al. Efficacy and treatment satisfaction with on-demand tadalafil (Cialis) in men with erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2004;46(3):362-369; discussion 369. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.04.026

 

  1. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. Erectile function after prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62(2):437-447. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.10.001

 

  1. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, et al. The importance of radiation doses to the penile bulb vs. Crura in the development of postbrachytherapy erectile dysfunction. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54(4):1055-1062. doi: 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)03031-6

 

  1. Potters L, Torre T, Fearn PA, Leibel SA, Kattan MW. Potency after permanent prostate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50(5):1235-1242. doi: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01578-4

 

  1. Stock RG, Stone NN, DeWyngaert JK, Lavagnini P, Unger PD. Prostate specific antigen findings and biopsy results following interactive ultrasound guided transperineal brachytherapy for early stage prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1996;77(11):2386-2392. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960601)77:11<2386::AID-CNCR30>3.0.CO;2-R

 

  1. Brenner DJ, Curtis RE, Hall EJ, Ron E. Second malignancies in prostate carcinoma patients after radiotherapy compared with surgery. Cancer. 2000;88(2):398-406. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000115)88:2<398::aid-cncr22>3.0.co;2-v

 

  1. Neugut AI, Ahsan H, Robinson E, Ennis RD. Bladder carcinoma and other second malignancies after radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;79(8):1600-1604. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19970415)79:8<1600::aid-cncr24>3.0.co;2-0

 

  1. Gore JL, Kwan L, Lee SP, Reiter RE, Litwin MS. Survivorship beyond convalescence: 48-month quality-of-life outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(12):888-892. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djp114

 

  1. Quek ML, Penson DF. Quality of life in patients with localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2005;23(3):208-215. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.03.003

 

  1. Management of localised prostate cancer: Watchful waiting, surgery or radiation therapy, depending on the natural course, which is often relatively slow. Prescrire Int. 2012;21(131):242-248.

 

  1. Kashid RS, Gurram L, Pullan S, et al. Clinical outcomes of adaptive intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy technique in locally advanced cervical cancer: A real-world data. Brachytherapy. 2024;23:407-415. doi: 10.1016/j.brachy.2024.03.006

 

  1. Miller DC, Sanda MG, Dunn RL, et al. Long-term outcomes among localized prostate cancer survivors: Health-related quality-of-life changes after radical prostatectomy, external radiation, and brachytherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(12):2772-2780. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.116

 

  1. Smith MR. Changes in fat and lean body mass during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Urology. 2004;63(4):742-745. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.10.063

 

  1. Nishiyama T, Ikarashi T, Hashimoto Y, Wako K, Takahashi K. The change in the dihydrotestosterone level in the prostate before and after androgen deprivation therapy in connection with prostate cancer aggressiveness using the Gleason score. J Urol. 2007;178(4 Pt 1):1282-1288; discussion 1288-1289. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.138

 

  1. Smith JC, Bennett S, Evans LM, et al. The effects of induced hypogonadism on arterial stiffness, body composition, and metabolic parameters in males with prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(9):4261-4267. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.9.7851

 

  1. Pivonello R, Menafra D, Riccio E, et al. Metabolic disorders and male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:345. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00345

 

  1. Eri LM, Urdal P, Bechensteen AG. Effects of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide on lipoproteins, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 1995;154(1):100-104.

 

  1. Østergren PB, Kistorp C, Fode M, Bennedbaek FN, Faber J, Sønksen J. Metabolic consequences of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists vs orchiectomy: A randomized clinical study. BJU Int. 2019;123(4):602-611. doi: 10.1111/bju.14609

 

  1. Wiecek M, Szymura J, Kusmierczyk J, Lipowska M, Szygula Z. Whole-body cryotherapy improves asprosin secretion and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women–perspectives in the management of type 2 diabetes. Biomolecules. 2023;13(11):1602. doi: 10.3390/biom13111602

 

  1. Van Poppel H, Klotz L. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: An update review of the antagonists versus agonists. Int J Urol. 2012;19(7):594-601. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02997.x

 

  1. Smith MR, Lee H, McGovern F, et al. Metabolic changes during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for prostate cancer: Differences from the classic metabolic syndrome. Cancer. 2008;112(10):2188-2194. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23440

 

  1. Saigal CS, Gore JL, Krupski TL, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy increases cardiovascular morbidity in men with prostate cancer. Cancer. 2007;110(7):1493-1500. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22933

 

  1. Gerber GS, Zagaja GP, Ray PS, Rukstalis DB. Transdermal estrogen in the treatment of hot flushes in men with prostate cancer. Urology. 2000;55(1):97-101. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00370-2

 

  1. Loprinzi CL, Barton DL, Carpenter LA, et al. Pilot evaluation of paroxetine for treating hot flashes in men. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79(10):1247-1251. doi: 10.4065/79.10.1247

 

  1. Stone P, Hardy J, Huddart R, A’Hern R, Richards M. Fatigue in patients with prostate cancer receiving hormone therapy. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(9):1134-1141. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00084-8

 

  1. See WA, Wirth MP, McLeod DG, et al. Bicalutamide as immediate therapy either alone or as adjuvant to standard care of patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: first analysis of the early prostate cancer program. J Urol. 2002;168(2):429-435. Erratum in: J Urol. 2002;168(6):2558. Erratum in: J Urol. 2002;168;4(Pt 1):1510.

 

  1. Gagnon JD, Moss WT, Stevens KR. Pre-estrogen breast irradiation for patients with carcinoma of the prostate: A critical review. J Urol. 1979;121(2):182-184. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)56713-0

 

  1. Boccardo F, Rubagotti A, Battaglia M, et al. Evaluation of tamoxifen and anastrozole in the prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(4):808-815. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.12.013

 

  1. Hassanein EM, Szelényi Z, Szenci O. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonists in bovine reproduction I: Structure, biosynthesis, physiological effects, and its role in Estrous synchronization. Animals. 2024;14(10):1473. doi: 10.3390/ani14101473

 

  1. Smith MR, Finkelstein JS, McGovern FJ, et al. Changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):599-603. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.2.8299

 

  1. Strum SB, McDermed JE, Scholz MC, Johnson H, Tisman G. Anaemia associated with androgen deprivation in patients with prostate cancer receiving combined hormone blockade. Br J Urol. 1997;79(6):933-941. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1997.00234.x

 

  1. Maillefert JF, Sibilia J, Michel F, Saussine C, Javier RM, Tavernier C. Bone mineral density in men treated with synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for prostatic carcinoma. J Urol. 1999;161(4):1219-1222.

 

  1. Leder BZ, Smith MR, Fallon MA, Lee ML, Finkelstein JS. Effects of gonadal steroid suppression on skeletal sensitivity to parathyroid hormone in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(2):511-516. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7177

 

  1. Smith MR, Lee WC, Brandman J, Wang Q, Botteman M, Pashos CL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and fracture risk: A claims-based cohort study of men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(31):7897-7903. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.00.6908

 

  1. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669-6683. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2006;354(10):1102.

 

  1. Venderbos L, Remmers S, Deschamps A, et al. A0001 - The impact of prostate cancer ADT and EBRT follow-up treatment on patient-reported quality of life - results from the EUPROMS 2.0 follow-up study. Eur Urol. 2024;85(S1):S672-S673.

 

  1. Diamond TH, Winters J, Smith A, et al. The antiosteoporotic efficacy of intravenous pamidronate in men with prostate carcinoma receiving combined androgen blockade: A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Cancer. 2001;92(6):1444-1450. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(20010915)92:6<1444::aid-cncr1468 >3.0.co;2-m

 

  1. Taneja SS, Smith MR, Dalton JT, et al. Toremifene--a promising therapy for the prevention of prostate cancer and complications of androgen deprivation therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;15(3):293-305. doi: 10.1517/13543784.15.3.293

 

  1. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(19):1458-1468. doi: 10.1093/jnci/94.19.1458

 

  1. Diemunsch P, Grelot L. Potential of substance P antagonists as antiemetics. Drugs. 2000;60(3):533-546. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200060030-00002

 

  1. Gralla RJ, Osoba D, Kris MG, et al. Recommendations for the use of antiemetics: Evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(9):2971-2994. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2971

 

  1. Fauser AA, Fellhauer M, Hoffmann M, Link H, Schlimok G, Gralla RJ. Guidelines for anti-emetic therapy: Acute emesis. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35(3):361-370. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00417-1

 

  1. Hesketh PJ. Potential role of the NK1 receptor antagonists in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer. 2001;9(5):350-354. doi: 10.1007/s005200000199

 

  1. Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Bushunow P, Tian L, Matteson S. Acustimulation wristbands for the relief of chemotherapy-induced nausea. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(4):56-57, 59-63.

 

  1. Biswal BM, Zakaria A, Ahmad NM. Topical application of honey in the management of radiation mucositis: A preliminary study. Support Care Cancer. 2003;11(4):242-248. doi: 10.1007/s00520-003-0443-y

 

  1. Markman M. What primary care physicians should know about the toxicity of cancer chemotherapy. Cleve Clin J Med. 1997;64(6):331-333.

 

  1. Dodd MJ, Larson PJ, Dibble SL, et al. Randomized clinical trial of chlorhexidine versus placebo for prevention of oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1996;23(6):921-927.

 

  1. Meropol NJ, Somer RA, Gutheil J, et al. Randomized phase I trial of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor plus chemotherapy: Potential role as mucosal protectant. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(8):1452-1458. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.10.079

 

  1. Hoekman K, van der Vijgh WJ, Vermorken JB. Clinical and preclinical modulation of chemotherapy induced toxicity in patients with cancer. Drugs. 1999;57(2):133-155. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199957020-00002

 

  1. Wilkes JD. Prevention and treatment of oral mucositis following cancer chemotherapy. Semin Oncol. 1998;25(5):538-551.

 

  1. Johnston EM, Crawford J. Hematopoietic growth factors in the reduction of chemotherapeutic toxicity. Semin Oncol. 1998;25(5):552-561.

 

  1. Gabrilove JL, Cleeland CS, Livingston RB, Sarokhan B, Winer E, Einhorn LH. Clinical evaluation of once-weekly dosing of epoetin alfa in chemotherapy patients: Improvements in hemoglobin and quality of life are similar to three-times-weekly dosing. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(11):2875-2882. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.11.2875

 

  1. Glaspy JA, Tchekmedyian NS. Darbepoetin alfa administered every 2 weeks alleviates anemia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncology (Williston Park). 2002;16(10 Suppl 11):23-29.

 

  1. Handy CE, Antonarakis ES. Sipuleucel-T for the treatment of prostate cancer: Novel insights and future directions. Future Oncol. 2018;14(10):907-917. doi: 10.2217/fon-2017-0531

 

  1. Antonarakis ES, Piulats JM, Gross-Goupil M, et al. Pembrolizumab for treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Multicohort, open-label phase II KEYNOTE-199 study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(5):395-405. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.01638

 

  1. Waldmann TA, Dubois S, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. IL-15 in the combination immunotherapy of cancer. Front Immunol. 2020;11:868. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00868

 

  1. Sharma P, Pachynski RK, Narayan V, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Preliminary analysis of patients in the CheckMate 650 trial. Cancer Cell. 2020;38(4):489-499.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.007

 

  1. Agarwal N, Azad A, Carles J, et al. A phase III, randomized, open-label study (CONTACT-02) of cabozantinib plus atezolizumab versus second novel hormone therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Future Oncol. 2022;18(10):1185-1198. doi: 10.2217/fon-2021-1096

 

  1. Jilani ES, Qureshi FA, Wally HT. Pluvicto - a novel treatment for prostate cancer. J Pak Med Assoc. 2023;73(5):1148. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.8023

 

  1. De Bono J, Mateo J, Fizazi K, et al. Olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2091-2102. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911440

 

  1. Fizazi K, Piulats JM, Reaume MN, et al. Rucaparib or physician’s choice in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(8):719-732. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2214676
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this review.
Share
Back to top
Journal of Biological Methods, Electronic ISSN: 2326-9901 Print ISSN: TBA, Published by POL Scientific
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept