POL Scientific / Bladder / Volume 11 / Issue 3 / DOI: 10.14440/bladder.2024.0022
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Recent advances in the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in men

Ruoyu Li1,2† ,  Yuancheng Zhou1,2† ,  Xingyuan Xiao1,2* ,  Bing Li1,2*
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1 Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
2 Institute of Urology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
Bladder 2024 , 11(3), e21200017; https://doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2024.0022
Submitted: 29 July 2024 | Revised: 24 August 2024 | Accepted: 23 October 2024 | Published: 21 November 2024
© 2024 by the Bladder published by POL Scientific. Licensee POL Scientific, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Background: Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) represents a common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms in men, frequently resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Key symptoms include both obstructive and irritative urinary tract symptoms, such as dysuria, increased frequency and urgency of urination, and recurrent urinary tract infections. BOO can also cause upper urinary tract dilation (hydronephrosis), damage structure, and impair function of the bladder. Objective: Early diagnosis of BOO is essential to the protection of kidney and bladder functions. The gold standard for diagnosing BOO is urodynamic studies (UDS), which measure detrusor pressure and urinary flow. However, UDS is an invasive test and is associated with risks for urinary tract infections, bothersome urinary symptoms, and hematuria. Given the invasiveness and discomfort associated with UDS, non-invasive diagnostic methods have been developed. Nevertheless, the main limitation of these techniques is the variability in threshold values, highlighting the need for further standardization of measurement protocols. This article reviews the current diagnostic approaches for BOO in men and explores their clinical utility. Conclusion: Various non-invasive diagnostic methods are promising; yet, UDS remains the primary diagnostic approach.

Keywords
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Bladder outlet obstruction
Diagnosis
Funding
This work was supported by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (CN, Grant No. rcyj20230102) to Bing Li.
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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