AccScience Publishing / JBM / Online First / DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2025.0089
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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Screening of organic substrates for the development of effective biofungicides to manage cashew fusarium wilt disease

Stanslaus A. Lilai1,2* ,  Juma Hussein2 ,  Fortunus A. Kapinga1 ,  Wilson A. Nene1 ,  Stela G. Temu2 ,  Donatha D. Tibuhwa2
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1 Department of Research and Innovation-Cashew Research Programme (CRP) Agricultural Research Institute, Naliendele, Mtwara 63115, Tanzania
2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam 16103, Tanzania
JBM, e99010053 https://doi.org/10.14440/jbm.2025.0089
Submitted: 24 September 2024 | Revised: 4 December 2024 | Accepted: 17 January 2025 | Published: 21 February 2025
© 2025 by the Journal of Biological Methods published by POL Scientific. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Abstract

Background: The biotechnology industry commonly utilizes synthetic media to grow biological control agents (BCAs); however, these media are often considered impractical, particularly in developing countries. Objective: This study aimed to identify the most suitable locally available organic substrates for the cultivation of BCAs used against cashew fusarium wilt disease. Materials and Methods: Experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 on five substrates, namely rice husk (RH), rice bran (RB), hulled millet, parboiled rice, and their combinations, as growth media for combined Bacillus strains and Trichoderma asperellum. The carbohydrate and protein content of the substrates were quantified colorimetrically. Results: Protein and carbohydrate contents ranged from 13.4 – 19.8% to 76.3 – 82.7%, respectively. The BCAs exhibited high colonization rates on all tested substrates, with combined substrates supporting the highest colonization, followed by RH and RB. Endospore formation and conidiation levels varied significantly over time across substrates and incubation temperatures (p ≤ 0.05). Population densities decreased over time under refrigerated, room temperature, and incubator conditions for most substrates in both seasons, except for combined substrates, RH, and RB. Final population counts were as follows: 2.1 × 107 ± 4.9 × 105 and 1.0 × 107 ± 0.3 × 105 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL (combined substrates), 2.3 × 107 ± 5.4 × 105 and 5.7 × 107 ± 1.1 × 106 CFUs/mL (RH), 3.6 × 105 ± 2.1 × 104 and 3.3 × 105 ± 1.6 × 104 CFUs/mL (RB), while under refrigerated conditions, population densities remained relatively unchanged throughout the study period. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is recommended to use a mixture of substrates, RH alone, or RB alone as appropriate media for the large-scale production of the studied biofungicides.

Keywords
Agro-wastes
Grains
Biological control agents
Fermentation media
Shelf life
Funding
This study was funded by the Government of Tanzania through the Cashew Research Program (CRP) under the Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Naliendele Centre and by the joint NRF/Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) grant, which facilitated the early experimentation with the strains. CRP provided financial assistance, including support for transport, laboratory materials, and subsistence allowances for the research team involved in the study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Journal of Biological Methods, Electronic ISSN: 2326-9901 Print ISSN: TBA, Published by POL Scientific
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