The botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. It causes botulism and represents the most powerful natural poison. In urological practice, the indications for BoNT/A therapy include neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) or idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO), detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), urinary tract […]
Fan Zhang, Qinggang Liu, Limin Liao, Xiaojuan Li, Xueping Zhang