This special issue explores the clinical and basic research surrounding urinary tract tumors and prostate diseases, focusing on disease mechanisms, diagnostic technologies, treatment strategies, and prevention. Key clinical topics include molecular subtyping, novel biomarkers, liquid biopsy applications, imaging technologies (e.g., multi-parametric MRI, PET-CT), targeted therapy optimization, immunotherapy (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, CAR-T), surgical innovations, and AI-based predictive tools. Basic research emphasizes multi-omics, tumor microenvironment, immune therapy, resistance mechanisms, and the integration of technologies like single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics. These efforts aim to personalize and optimize treatment strategies.